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FUNCTION BLOCK PROGRAMMING ..... ....... ...... 21.1
1. INTRODUCTION 21.1
2. CREATING FUNCTION BLOCKS 21.3
3. DESIGN CASE 21.4
4. SUMMARY 21.4
5. PRACTICE PROBLEMS 21.5
6. PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 21.5
7. ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS 21.5
1. ANALOG INPUTSAND OUTPUTS . ...... ....... ...... 22.1
1. INTRODUCTION 22.1
1. ANALOG INPUTS 22.2
2. 22.2.1 Analog Inputs With a PLC 22.9
1. ANALOG OUTPUTS 22.13
1. Analog Outputs With A PLC 22.16
2. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Outputs 22.18
3. Shielding 22.20
1. DESIGN CASES 22.22
2. 22.4.1 Process Monitor 22.22
2. SUMMARY 22.22
3. PRACTICE PROBLEMS 22.23
4. PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 22.24
5. ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS 22.29
1. CONTINUOUS SENSORS . . ....... ...... ....... ...... 23.1
1. INTRODUCTION 23.1
1. INDUSTRIAL SENSORS 23.2
1. Angular Displacement 23.3 Potentiometers 23.3
2. Encoders 23.4 Tachometers 23.8
3. Linear Position 23.8 Potentiometers 23.8 Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT)23.9 Moire Fringes 23.11 Accelerometers 23.12
4. Forces and Moments 23.15 Strain Gages 23.15 Piezoelectric 23.18

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23.2.5 Liquids and Gases 23.20
Pressure 23.21
Venturi Valves 23.22
Coriolis Flow Meter 23.23
Magnetic Flow Meter 23.24
Ultrasonic Flow Meter 23.24
Vortex Flow Meter 23.24
Positive Displacement Meters 23.25
Pitot Tubes 23.25
23.2.6 Temperature 23.25
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs) 23.26
Thermocouples 23.26
Thermistors 23.28
Other Sensors 23.30
23.2.7 Light 23.30
Light Dependant Resistors (LDR) 23.30
23.2.8 Chemical 23.31
pH 23.31
Conductivity 23.31
23.2.9 Others 23.32
INPUT ISSUES 23.32
SENSOR GLOSSARY 23.37
SUMMARY 23.38
REFERENCES 23.39
PRACTICE PROBLEMS 23.39
PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 23.40
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS 23.42