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Where space is limited, a length of tile pipe is sunk into the ground a few inches (millimeters) from the ground rod and filled to within approximately 1 foot (0.3 meters) of the ground level with the treating chemical. The second method is applicable where a circular or semicircular trench can be dug around the ground rod to hold the chemical. The chemical must be kept several inches (millimeters) away from direct contact with the ground rod to avoid corrosion of the rod. The first treatment usually requires 50 to 100 pounds (22 to 45 kilograms) of material and will retain its effectiveness for 2 to 3 years. Each replenishment of the chemical extends its effectiveness for a longer period, thus increasing treatment intervals. To start the action promptly, the first treatment of chemical should be flooded.

d. Specialized rods. In lieu of adding additional rods or lengthening rods, a copper tubing grounding system can be used. There is an Underwriters-listed

grounding system that uses a 2-inch (50-millimeter) copper tube filled with metallic salts and available in various lengths. Since this method uses metallic salts it is not recommended except as a last resort. The tube is also available as a straight unit, or in an L-shaped configuration which allows the tube to be installed on its side in a shallow trench. Changes in atmospheric pressure "pump" air through the breather holes at the top of the tube. Moisture in the air condenses inside the tube to move slowly down through the bed of metallic salts, providing a self-maintaining low-resistance system with a much greater life expectancy than conventional ground rods.

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