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This chapter describes station batteries as they are generally called, as opposed to uninterruptible power system batteries or automotive type batteries. A storage battery is composed of one or more rechargeable electrochemical type cells. Systems are designed for full-float operation, with a battery charger to maintain the battery in a charged condition. Batteries used for control of substation and power equipment are required to provide low currents for long periods and high currents for short periods. A battery's reserve capacity requirements are based on a duty cycle (usually an 8-hour operating time period) when all continuous and momentary loads must be supplied by the battery with no recharging available from the battery charger.

14-2. Battery types.

The two electrochemical types in general use for station batteries are lead-acid and nickel-cadmium. Construction types include vented (flooded) and valve-regulated (sealed) units. For specific information on a particular type, refer to the manufacturer's instructions. There are five basic components to a battery cell: the container, the positive plate (electrode), the separator or retainer, the negative plate (electrode), and the electrolyte.

a. Lead-acid units. Lead acid batteries have an acidic electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The active materials used are lead dioxide (PbO2) for the positive plate, and sponge lead (Pb) for the negative plate. The active materials for both the positive and negative plates are incorporated in a plate structure composed of lead or a lead alloy.

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