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b. Nickel-cadmium units. Nickel cadmium batter­ies use an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydrox­ide). The active materials used are nickel hydroxide for the positive plate and cadmium hydroxide for the negative plate. The NEC defines their nominal battery voltage at 1.2 volts per cell.

c. Vented batteries. Vented (flooded) cells are con­structed with the liquid electrolyte completely cov­ering (flooding) the closely spaced plates, so that

there is a large volume of free electrolyte. The elec­trolyte maintains uniform contact with the plates. Vented units are characterized by a removable vent cap which allows the electrolyte to be checked and adjusted as needed. Overcharge will produce gases which vent through the cell, requiring regular wa­ter replacement. Vent caps must be accessible, so batteries are larger than valve-regulated types and are provided with flame arresters. Gassing requires ventilation to avoid explosive possibilities and pos­sible corrosive damage to battery terminals.

d. Valve-regulated batteries. Valve-regulated cells are sealed, with the exception of a valve that opens periodically to relieve excessive internal pressure. To limit water consumption, cells are designed to provide recombination of charge gases by passing oxygen evolved from the positive plate over the negative plate, where the recombination reaction occurs. The valve regulates the internal pressure to optimize recombination efficiency (hence the term valve-regulated).

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